In article of review type the problem of vocational development and adaptation of children with autism spectrum disorders is highlighted. A model for the formation of vocational direction — Bicycles is presented as a complex approach to the formation of skills and superior mental functions. This model can be used for comprehensive formation of students with special educational needs. Our solution considers a child’s cognitive, behavioral difficulties, and complications with social adaptation and interaction. The Bicycle formation model can be presented as a formation structure enabling to expand the informational and cognitive scope of a child. It provides an opportunity to foster not only skills, but also highest mental functions in children with disabilities; it provides determination and enhancement of their vocational skills.

The article briefly analyzes the life path in science and the professional activities of the prominent educational psychologist N. V. Kuzmina. She is the founder of such an innovative field of human science as acmeology for the development of professionalism of adult specialists. She implemented this innovative discipline based on the study of the work of such main subjects of the education system as a kindergarten teacher, a school teacher, a master of industrial training, a teacher and a university dean. The article is the first to analyze, from the standpoint of subject-activity and institutional-personological approaches, the outstanding role of N. V. Kuzmina in studying the development of abilities, pedagogical talent and talent of teachers in the education system. The decisive creative contribution of N.V. Kuzmina and her scientific school to the creation of the foundations and development of acmeology technologies in modern human science is shown.

The article presents the results of a study of cognitive styles “utility/field dependence” and “reflexivity/impulsivity” in older preschoolers. The interrelation of cognitive styles with nonverbal and verbal intelligence in the senior preschool age is described.

The article reviews the views of various authors on the relationship between anxiety and self-awareness in ontogeny. An interpretation of the influence of the features of the development of self-consciousness on the level of anxiety in children from the standpoint of culturalhistorical psychology is proposed.

Modern civilization is experiencing an era of uncertainty, which covers all spheres of life of the society of any state. Currently, one of the topical areas of research has become the study of the impact of global risks on the vital activity of mankind. This paper investigates the relationship of value orientations and temporal focus of modern youth in the conditions of global risks. The theoretical part of the paper analyzes the available research on the topic of the paper. The second part of the paper presents the results of the empirical study of the relationship between value orientations and temporal focus of university students, which confirm the theoretical conclusions. The obtained data of the empirical study will allow us to further study the dynamics of the relationship between value orientations and psychological time of the individual, under the influence of external factors.

The article presents the results of an empirical study of the features of the relationship between students’ value orientations and their existential identity in the context of life choices. It is shown that the leading value orientations of students of different genders and ages and their preferred existential roles in their interaction act as factors in choosing a particular life strategy.

The article provides a historical analysis of adoption and spread of Christianity (the Christianization) as a state religion in Armenia during the reign of the Armenian king Tiridates III the Great (A. D. 287–330) and in the days of St. Gregory the Illuminator (Grigory Partev), the first enlightener and spiritual mentor of the Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church, as well as relation of the religion to military service, the role of the church and the actions of clergymen in different periods of history in the army of Armenia. The article discloses formation of military spiritual service, forms and methods of activities of regimental chaplains both in peacetime and in wartime, aimed at carrying out activities that contribute to the formation of persistent moral-combat and moral-spiritual qualities among military personnel. Examples from the Holy Book in relation to military service are given.

The article describes and analyzes the most important stages of the pedagogical and scientific activity of the academician and vice-president of the Russian Academy of Education, chairman of the expert council of the Higher Attestation Commission on psychology and pedagogy, David Iosifovich Feldshtein (1929–2015). The emphasis is on his pedagogical and organizational skills, as well as his studies of developmental psychology, considered in a cultural and historical context.

The author’s reference to Democritus’s teaching on knowledge development is explained by the need to highlight such ideas, the enduring significance of which for subsequent theories of learning is confirmed by time. It is revealed that Democritus was one of the first to identify two types of knowledge development (sensual and theoretical) and the corresponding types of knowledge. For subsequent theories of learning, the following ideas by Democritus are significant: 1) knowledge development goes in depth from sensory to theoretical knowledge; 2) knowledge developed through the senses cannot provide a stable basis for recognizing the truth; 3) knowledge developed through thought is reliable in estimating the truth and recognizing it. The most important aspects of Democritus’ thoughts are identified, which in the field of modern terminology can be called humanitarian: theoretical thinking (operating with concepts, etc.) educates a person as a thinking being; when raising a thinking student, it is necessary to take in consideration the types of knowledge development.

The article presents the results of a comparative historical study of the role of institutional factors of education in the content of the social situation of the development of Soviet and modern primary school students. As an objective component of the social situation of the development of schoolchildren, the laws on education corresponding to the historical period regulating the relationship between family and school were considered. The parameters of the subjective component of the social situation of development were motivational preferences, self-esteem and the level of claims, anxiety of younger schoolchildren. It is shown that the modality of institutional factors has a significant impact both on the educational environment itself and on the child’s attitude to the new system of social relations for him.

The article talks about the use of artificial intelligence in education. An analysis of research in the field of artificial intelligence at different levels of education is given. The results of a survey of students on the subject of their use of chatbots are given. A possible application of it in the field of preschool education in the study of Russian and other folk tales, as well as their joint composition with children, using artificial intelligence resources that are freely available on the Internet, is revealed.

The article provides an overview of the current state of application of the concept of “structure of defect” in the practice of special psychology, pedagogy and defectology, as well as an analysis of the problems and shortcomings of differential diagnosis of types of impaired development due to the shortcomings of its conceptualization.

Статья подготовлена в рамках реализации программы «Приоритет-2030», стратегический проект «Новая среда жизни», проект «Социогуманитарное конструирование будущего: мегаполис для поколения Z (цифровой сервис-технология “Мega-Z”)». Актуальность статьи обусловлена таким важным личностным вопросом для обучающихся школы в старших классах, как профессиональное самоопределение. Цель статьи заключается в описании исследования, направленного на выявление возможности применения коучинговых технологий в профессиональном самоопределении обучающихся старших классов общеобразовательных организаций. Авторами сформулировано положение о том, что профессиональное самоопределение обучающихся старших классов будет более эффективным при выборе в качестве мишеней психологического сопровождения познания обучающимися своих интересов, склонностей, способностей, отношения к определенному виду профессиональной деятельности. А эффективным методом психологического сопровождения может быть коучинг. Описаны показатели профессионального самоопределения современных обучающихся старших классов города Москвы. Доказано, что специально организованная программа психологического сопровождения профессионального самоопределения с помощью коучинговых методов позволяет повысить самопознание старших подростков и достигнуть значимого корреляционного согласования между эмоционально-потребностной и когнитивной, деятельностно-практическими сферами в профессиональном самоопределении старших подростков. Статья предназначена для психологов, работающих с проблемами профессионального самоопределения обучающихся старших классов.

A theoretical analysis of the sources in which the question of the formation of national culture in Russia is raised is carried out. It is concluded that Russian culture is a consolidating factor in the conditions of multicultural interaction. The concepts of “value orientations” and “value attitude” are considered and their hierarchy is determined. The role of the cultural and historical context in the process of introducing preschool children to national culture is emphasized. The emphasis is placed on the connection of interest and the formation of a value attitude to national culture. The ways of forming a value attitude to national culture in older preschool children are considered.

The article reviews the views of various authors on the structural components, origins and mechanisms of self-consciousness development in ontogenesis. Interpretation of the process of development of self-consciousness in early age from the position of cultural-historical psychology is offered.

The article discusses the concept of “cyberbullying”, how common is this phenomenon, what are its consequences for the physical and mental health of the younger generation. The modern generation of teenagers master the Internet space early enough. Now the Internet space is the natural habitat of teenagers, which has both a positive and negative impact on the process of socialization. Acts of cyber aggression most often occur in social networks and messengers. Cyberbullying can go beyond the boundaries of the Internet into real life in the form of other manifestations of bullying, when the aggressor and the object of bullying are in the same school, in the same district or city and pose a serious threat to the psychological health of a teenager’s personality. To solve the problem of bullying and cyberbullying in the adolescent environment, the main directions of socal and psychological support in educational institutions should be: improving the psychological and pedagogical competence of teachers in the prevention of bullying and cyberbullying; individual consultations of children and adolescents by school psychologists; formation of positive relationships of teenagers in school collectives; legal education of children and parents regarding responsibility for participation in bullying; creation of an information security service in an educational organization.

The article presents the results of empirical testing of hypotheses about the various effects of Internet use on adult thinking process. The method of “Essential Signs” by Susanna Rubinstein was used as a tool for determining the state of thinking. Short-term effects were assessed in an intraindividual quasi-experiment, which revealed a significant growth of errors in reasoning under conditions of online search compared to the condition of print reading among the statistical majority (p < 0,01). Long-term effects were studied through a combination of cross-sections and ex post facto research. It was found that the logic of reasoning in adults who have abandoned print reading in favor of Internet practices is significantly worse than in adult readers (p < 0,01) and young people (p < 0,05) due to the emergence of sensoryspecific connections.

The article presents the sociocultural language environment of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), also it provides legal acts on the language policy of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The polylingual education of preschool children in the Republic of Sakha are built on by two models: The model “Tyl uyata — The language nest” provides for the organization of a monolingual educational environment throughout the preschool age. In this case is necessity to involve to a second language from the middle group of the kindergarten with specially organized activity, which contributes to a clear separation of languages. The model “Biir kihi — biir tyl — One person — one language” is characterized by the principle of parallel teaching of two languages to children from early preschool age. The model “Tyl uyatyttan tyllanyy — Teaching a second language based on the native language” — the complete acquisition of one (native) language by a child is used as the foundation for learning a second and third language for the development of successful bilingual education. A monolingual educational environment is organized until the full development of the child’s speech.

The article proposes a model of the “subject of one’s own activity” as the highest level of development of students’ subjectivity; the totality of subjectivity in cognition, action, communication, as well as reflexivity. Psychological mechanisms of realization of the activity content of education by means of research and project activities of students are considered. The functions of reflexive types of activity are defined — research, project work, construction, organizational management and strategizing in the formation of psychological neoplasms of students at different age stages. Five stages of the formation of students’ subjectivity in the practice of scientific and practical education have been established, the leading mechanisms of the development of subjectivity through inclusion in a motivating educational environment have been identified.

This article deals with the military-patriotic education of the younger generation, the role of pedagogical practice in the training of future specialists in the field of military-political work, as well as the activities of cadets of the Military University, which is aimed at the military-patriotic education of the younger generation.