The article examines the impact of valuable factors on professional determination — motives for choosing a profession and life-meaning orientations. The relationship between the motives of professional determination and the value orientations of senior schoolchildren has been studied. a correlation analysis was carried out between motives and life-meaning orientations using the Spearman correlation coefficient.

The process of reading is considered in the context of the problem of consciousness. The concept of modes of consciousness functioning is applied, similar to the concept of consciousness registers according to D. A. Leontiev. Four modes of functioning of consciousness, important for psychology, are isolated from literary sources: feeling, distancing, dialogue with the author, internal dialogue. They are supplemented by a meditation register. The concept of chronotope, introduced into science by M. M. Bakhtin, is analyzed according to the criteria of differential psychology. It is assumed that readers’ preferences are due to the similarity of the chronotopes of their life world and the author’s.

В статье анализируется динамика психологических механизмов чтения в истории человечества. Прослеживается переход от спонтанного восприятия символа к рациональному усвоению информации, подражанию и интериоризации авторской речи, трансляции смыслов, их трансформации в сотворческом чтении. Обосновывается понимание чтения как высшей психической функции по Выготскому, которая регулирует смысловое понимание текстов различными способами. Отмечается, что опосредующим функцию смыслового понимания знаком является авторский замысел.

The problem of studying spiritual phenomena is relevant in connection with the increasing demands from various social and medical services for the development of knowledge-intensive models of work and assistance, taking into account the spiritual dimension of human life. The article reviews the main views on the essence and nature of spiritual phenomena in psychological science, taking into account the prerequisites in philosophical and religious traditions, and outlines the readiness and possibilities of using the concept of “spiritual meaning” by psychology as a reflection of a person’s spiritual experience in the semantic structure of consciousness. It is believed that spiritual meaning is a category capable of carrying out research in the field of spirituality, religiosity and psychology at an interdisciplinary level.

The author of the article considers the problem of gaining the meaning of life through the development of sanogenic reflection, presents research data on the relationship of indicators of protective reflection with indicators of life meaningfulness, the level of depression, indicators of self-esteem, self-esteem, subjective happiness of students of the Art and Graphic Faculty of Moscow State University. The analysis of the obtained results is given.

The article discusses the possibilities and functions of laughter in overcoming such challenges of modern times as uncertainty, transitivity, complexity. The analysis of psychological, philosophical, and cultural concepts of the nature of the laughter is carried out. Examples of the image of the ambivalent nature of laughter in literature, drama and fine arts are considered.

The article presents the problem of pedagogical support for a future teacher in educational activities, and notes the features of the process of pedagogical support in the field of popularization of science. The authors reveal the essence of the concepts of “pedagogical support”, “individual educational routes”, show a set of specific tasks that reflect the specifics of the content of pedagogical support, and consider the problems and risks of pedagogical support for a future teacher in the field of popularization of science.

The article presents specific approaches in semantic reading teaching among preschoolers. Special attention is given to uphold the necessity of skills development for further semantic analysis, as well as to inquire into the principles of semantic reading teaching and selecting texts for reading in preschool. The authors describe general methodological approaches to the development of a system of questions and tasks for texts based on various types of reading.

The article presents the results of an empirical study conducted at a military university with cadets of the first and fourth courses (40 people). The control group consisted of students of the humanities university — young men of the same age (40 people). The study was conducted using the Resilience Test of D. A. Leontiev and E. I. Rasskazova, the Scale of Existence of A. Langle and K. Orgler, the methodology “dominant motivation” by I. Y. Kulagina and V. N. Kolutsky. It is shown that the indicators of resilience, meaningfulness of life and spiritual and moral motivation are more expressed in cadets, compared to students. Features of mature value-sense and motivational sphere are considered in modern conditions as professionally important qualities of future officers.

The success of student learning at university depends on the psychological well-being of students, the concept of which has not been sufficiently studied. The purpose of the work was to study the relationship between psychological factors of well-being of 1–2 year university students based on the use of tests: Psychological Well-Being Scale by C. Ryff; Test of life-meaning orientations; Vitality test; Tolerance of Uncertainty Questionnaire. Significant relationships between testing indicators were established: between the personal well-being of students and the factors of life-meaning orientation, resilience, control, presence of life goals and meaningfulness. Students with high well-being showed greater resilience and a positive attitude towards others and themselves, and had a positive attitude towards completing difficult tasks. a new approach to considering psychological well-being in the form of a benevolent attitude in life is proposed.

The problems of educating young people and ensuring their health and safety, including the fight against drug addiction, are discussed. By means of reflexive-activity psychology of personal development and moral education, the age-psychological characteristics of drug addicts are studied: their need-semantic sphere, experiences, motivation of behavior, goal-setting, relationships with family and social environment. With this in mind, the types of reflexive psycho-therapeutic programs for psychocorrection of personal development are designed. The educational experience of prevention and rehabilitation aimed at reflexive and pedagogical provision of psychological safety and spiritual and moral health of young people is summarized.

To improve the quality of teaching, it is important that the teacher’s focus coincides with the goals of education, which is manifested in the meanings of words and phrases (inner speech). The results of studying the semantic orientation of speech and self-disclosure of abilities of two samples are presented: students (group A, N = 329) and students and teachers (group B, N = 116) (the total number of subjects is 445 people).

The article considers life-meaning orientations, which are due to the connection with the motivation of success of students who occupy a certain social position. We conducted a study among students of Sevastopol State University in the field of training 44.03.01 Pedagogical education, Physical culture profile with different levels of social activity. According to the results of the study, data were obtained that showed that the internal motivation for success is expressed at a low level in more than half of students 58 %, and at a high level — less than 30 % of students. External motivation for success, on the contrary, is presentedat a high level. Medium and low levels of external motivation for success are found almost equally among students with high and low social activity. The test results in the future will serve to create programs for the development of internal motivation and the locus of control — Life, for students who occupy an inactive social position.

The article examines the role of the subject in the development of culture, the principles and mechanisms of his cultural activity, analyzes the problem of the content of the cultural potential of a student as a subject of culture, substantiates that the basis of intercultural differences is the difference in the methods of meaning formation, construction of semantic configurations. The cultural potential of the subject includes the results of his semantic activity, fixed in a certain sign system, which serve as a condition for the further reproduction and development of culture. Cultural potential is a resource that allows a subject to carry out cultural activities, to ensure the survival and development of both himself and society as a whole.

The article analyzes the origin and evolution of such an innovative trend in Russian human studies as a reflexive semantic approach to the study of the properties and mechanisms of the development of thinking and personality in education. The historical and scientific prerequisites for the formation of life-meaning psychology are revealed, and the logic of its development in the Silver Age of Russian Culture and in modern human studies in interaction with philosophy, acmeology, and pedagogy is explicated. Against this background, the role of the outstanding humanitarian M. M. Rubinstein in the development of meaningful pedagogical psychology in the first third of the twentieth century is shown, the levels of his cognitive activity are characterized for the first time, and the importance of creative heritage for modern science and education is summarized.

The article highlights the structural and functional approach in the process of teaching semantic reading, analyzes different aspects of the interaction of the author, the reader and the work, identifies ways to solve the problem of adequate perception of the author’s semantic world by the reader. As a tool that helps to penetrate into the meaning of the work, iconic modeling is considered in two varieties — figurative-semantic (verbal drawing) and logicalsemantic models (the technique of “binary oppositions”), which serves as the basis of meaning generation in the process of reading, the reader’s interpretation of the work. The proposed approach allows us to take a fresh look at the methodology of functional literacy formation in the context of the development of semantic reading skills of a literary text.

The article is devoted to the analysis of publications by Russian and foreign researchers devoted to the concepts of entrepreneurship, values and meanings of entrepreneurs. In addition to addressing the basic concepts, the author dwells in detail on the analysis of a significant number of publications on the topic of entrepreneurship and concludes that there is a lack of works concerning the value and semantic orientations of Russian-speaking women entrepreneurs.

The article deals with the dynamics of existential-value meanings under the influence of the military situation in the world picture of the elderly population. The theoretical model of value orientations study by M. Rokich (Milton Rokeach), “System of life meanings” by V. Y. Kotlyakov, additions and comments of respondents themselves were the methodological basis and method of the study. The peculiarity of the study is also the fact that the system of value meanings of this category of people is a fairly well-established basic factor of personal meanings, but getting into a situation with any extreme conditions for life, a person involuntarily becomes a witness or participant in certain life circumstances, which he did not encounter in the usual peacetime. This involves a certain rethinking of the basic components of a person’s world picture, the analysis of which this study reveals.

The article presents research results of auditory and verbal memory of second grade schoolchildren with reading disabilities. At risk school children for dyslexia have specific peculiarities of memorizing verbal information revealed during the experimental observation. The established correlation of these peculiarities with the technical characteristic and semantic aspect of reading demonstrated the need to develop a methodology aimed at the formation, development and improvement of auditory and verbal memory. The developed direction allows to form, develop and improve auditory and verbal memory relevant both for schoolchildren experiencing difficulties while learning and preschoolers with speech disorders related to a risk group for reading disabilities.

In the article, the authors raise the actual problem of perpetuating the memory of the heroes of the Great Patriotic War in the musical and pedagogical environment. It is emphasized that the involvement of children and youth in the multifaceted work to perpetuate and preserve the memory of the heroes, as a process, implements not only the educational function of education, but also serves educational purposes. As an example, the current socially significant all-Russian project is presented, which, according to the authors, contributes to the creative and personal development of students, as well as reinforcing patriotic and moral dominants in the education of young people. In this context, the form of educational content is relevant, which is universal for the entire field of education.