The paper considers and analyzes various approaches to the model of digital competencies of teachers. The emphasis is on the latest research by Russian scientists devoted to the study of digital competencies, digital literacy, and digital skills. It is indicated that there is no single approach to considering the structure and content of the concept of “digital competencies”. The results of a study of digital competencies of Russian teachers, conducted in 2022, are shown.

Questions have long been used by teachers and tutors as an instructional tool to assess students’ knowledge, improve understanding, and stimulate critical thinking. Well-thought questions lead to new ideas, spark discussion, and promote comprehensive learning about a subject. Poorly designed questions can lower performance, create confusion, intimidate students, and limit creative thinking. Teachers tend to ask lower-order convergent questions, which are based on students’ actual recall of prior knowledge, but do not ask higher-order divergent questions, which promote deep thinking and require students to analyze and evaluate concepts. The article summarizes the taxonomy (that is, the teaching of the principles and practice of classifying and systematizing complex, hierarchically related entities) of questions, suggests strategies for formulating effective questions, and explores practical considerations for increasing student engagement and developing critical thinking. Similar concepts can be applied in the classroom and in experiential learning environments. Relationship between development of critical thinking skills and targeted application of effective questioning methods in educational organizations is examined. Having carefully studied various forms of training and their obvious impact on students’ ability to think critically, we have summarized the experience of composing questions that play a significant role in the development of analytical and evaluative cognitive abilities. The study delves into the complex elements of question formulation, including factors such as complexity, relevance, and relevance to a particular situation.

The article describes the results of studying the attitude of various target groups to inclusive education in preschool educational organizations. During the survey, the lack of formation of a number of professional competencies among teachers and the lack of a value understanding of inclusion in their personal sphere were revealed. The study showed the importance of purposeful work with teachers in the direction of developing their professional consciousness and professional positions in the inclusive education of children with disabilities of preschool age

В статье описаны результаты экспериментального исследования профессиональной готовности педагогов, работающих с детьми с особыми образовательными потребностями; дано обоснование современного понимания понятия «особые образовательные потребности»; обозначен вклад В. И. Лубовского в разработку методологии обучения и воспитания детей с ограниченными возможностями здоровья (ОВЗ).

The article deals with the problems and prospects for the development of modern competencies of teachers in the process of digitalization of the educational process. A significant theoretical analysis of the problems of the development of digitalization of education and information and communication competencies of teachers has been carried out through generalizations of numerous studies. The theoretical argumentation of the development of innovativeness of teachers as a psychological characteristic that contributes to the formation of digital competencies is presented. The content of the article describes in detail the practical technology of organizing a teacher’s psychological and pedagogical laboratory in the form of a cycle of logically interconnected modules. This technology will allow organizing the development of teacher competencies, including digital ones, in the system of a modern educational institution. In conclusion, the necessity of introducing this system into the practice of modern education is substantiated.

The article discusses the main methods and techniques that are aimed at developing the skills of pedagogical work in future officers within the framework of professional activities for the effective implementation of the main directions of military-political work in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, taking into account regulatory requirements, psychological characteristics of the formation of the personality of military personnel and achievements of military pedagogical science and practice.

The article analyzes theoretical and methodological problems, characterizes historical and scientific prerequisites and summarizes the experience of psychological and pedagogical study of the development of human capital relevant to modern society in the innovative practice of continuous personality-oriented professional education. The novelty of the article is that the constructive solution of these problems is achieved on the basis of such innovative approaches as reflexive-subjective — for cognition of intellectual and creative resources of human capital and institutionalpersonological — for its psychological and pedagogical development in a multi-stage system of continuing professional education.

The article reveals the importance of motivational component in preparing competitive teachers in an ever-changing world and focuses on the future teacher’s motivation to develop multipotential abilities at different stages of his/her higher education. The in-depth interviews conducted among 1st–4th year students of the Institute of Psychology and Education of Kazan Federal University revealed the most important groups of students’ motives for the development of multipotential abilities, as well as the differences between the motives of first and last year students. This fact indicates that student teachers’ motivation changes throughout the period of their study at the university. This paper contributes to the research on the development of multipotential abilities of future teachers in the system of higher education by providing new data on the motives that motivate students to participate in various activities during their study to acquire new skills and competencies.

The article shows how, through a subjectogenetic approach to organizing various types of psychological and pedagogical practice, with the help of what techniques and methods one can use various options for multimodal game modeling for the formation and development of such universal competencies of students as the ability to self-organize and self-development, readiness to overcome life difficulties and to successfully cope with various types of stress.

The article discusses the issues of possible changes in the Russian education system, due to the current political and economic situation in the world. Perspective directions of the actual reformation of general and higher education are determined. As a methodological basis, the category of consciousness is considered, which allows amplifying the competence basis of modern Russian education.

The article reveals the educational potential of the discipline “Educational activity in a modern school”, which is implemented within the framework of the training direction 44.03.05 Pedagogical education (with two training profiles) in the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Kaluga State University named after K. E. Tsiolkovski” by the Department of Pedagogy. The authors describe in detail what skills and competencies can be developed through practical classes of this discipline and provide step-by-step instructions for their implementation.

On the basis of the comprehensive analysis carried out by the authors, a scientific substantiation of the requirements for effective means of objective and accurate independent assessment of the quality of training of university students is proposed, including in relation to the most methodically difficult educational outcomes for such an assessment — universal and general professional competencies of students. A structured list of the main of these requirements is given, including requirements for evaluation criteria and requirements for evaluation methods and systems (technologies). An organizational mechanism is proposed to ensure the guarantees of professionally competent conduct of this assessment — the creation and operation of a voluntary association of organizations conducting this assessment in full compliance with the regulatory requirements for its organization and for effective means of conducting it.

In the article, the authors consider the current trends in the organization of educational practice in the context of the competence-oriented paradigm of education. The authors emphasize that educational practice should be part of continuous practice in the preparation of students in the field of Pedagogical education. In conclusion, practical examples of the implementation of the proposed principles in the context of a competence-oriented paradigm of education are considered.

The article reveals the process of professional training of teachers of Suvorov military schools for the formation of a military-professional orientation of pupils. Strategies, directions, forms, methods and techniques are considered that contribute to the effective training of specialists for the upcoming activities in the formation of a military-professional orientation among Suvorovites based on the organization of their project activities.

The article shows the role of the communicative labeling of “friend” and “stranger”, which allows a person to identify himself with one ethnic community and reject another ethnic community. It is proved that the interaction of representatives of different ethnic groups is regulated by the social order and, under destructive conditions, can turn into open confrontation. The characteristics of various types of cyber aggression as sources of remote aggressive persecution of representatives of other ethnic groups are given. The development of intercultural communications among young people is considered as a resource for preventing and overcoming interethnic conflicts. It is proved that the formed intercultural competencies contribute to constructive interactions between representatives of different ethnic groups.

The article defines the features of the content and implementation of educational activities in the direction of training 44.04.03 Special (defectological) education under the master’s program “Actual aspects of theoretical and applied speech therapy”. Modern trends in the development of speech therapy as a science and requirements for graduates of the master’s degree are revealed. The authors explain the logic and specifics of the disciplines chosen for study, which maximally reflect the forcing of professional competencies, their specifics are revealed, examples of lectures and practical classes are given.

The paper analyses the concept of personal competency, determines core personal competencies as work efficiency factors in the context of different forms of employment in the digital era, and considers personal competencies improvement methods. The claim of a personal competencies improvement model development relevance for different types of employment is grounded.

The experience of partial mobilization in the Russian Federation in 2022, caused by the ongoing special military operation in Ukraine, indicates a high need for qualified specialists for the Armed Forces. One of the possible ways to meet this need is to train students at the Higher Educational Institutions of higher education (HEE).

In the article are represented main data about issues of military specialists training with informational technology and simulators systems application in the Russian military leading education organizations. Was analyzed the experience of modern training means utilization for military specialists education in the similar areas. That is considered current requirements to military specialists training systems in accordance with last generation state education standards in the electronic education information environment.

The article briefly presents the main types of military professional activities of officers of the Strategic Missile Forces, gives the author’s definition of military pedagogical competence, substantiates the structure and content of the professionally oriented technology of its formation among cadets of military universities.