This article deals with the problem of educating moral and patriotic guidelines in the formation of an imaginary picture of the world of schoolchildren by means of fiction in modern conditions. The analysis of pedagogical and methodical literature was carried out and the material on the indicated problem was summarized. The authors determined the main moral and patriotic guidelines for the education of schoolchildren, substantiated their selection, considered the methodological possibilities of their use in classroom and extracurricular classes in literature. The program of the elective course for the 10th grade “The Image of the Small Motherland in Russian and World Literature” is presented; specific examples of its implementation are given.

The article presents the results of an all-Russian study of civic-patriotic values in a modern school. The psychological and pedagogical conditions for the formation of patriotic and civic values have been analyzed. In order to find the factors that determine this situation, an analysis of the patriotic values of schoolchildren was carried out, including the following sections: objects of identification; image of the Motherland; life goals and patriotic values; life position and socially significant activity; preferences and plans.

Special creative abilities of a child which are the result of continuous work of parents, educators and teachers are considered. The formation of mental functions and mental operations give preschoolers the opportunity for successful studying at school.

Today and always, the meaning of education is orientation to the child’s personality as the highest value and meaning of pedagogical activity, recognition and respect for his ability of self-determination and self-development. The article reveals the following approaches to the process of education: humanistic (creating conditions for the development and self-development of a child’s personality), activity-based (education requires not just activity, but joint activity of children with adults, where participants can show their subjective qualities), co-existential (education in a coexistential child-adult community) hermeneutical (transition from “knowledge” attitude of the teacher to “understanding” one, when the teacher seeks to understand the meaning of a particular action of a child, to comprehend the inner meaning), systemic (logic of research in education).

The article is devoted to the problem of positive socialization of older preschoolers. Taking into account the materials of the theoretical analysis of literature and the state of the problem in practice, the relevance of the search for effective methods of positive socialization of children is substantiated. The authors reveal approaches to the use of educational situations in the positive socialization of older preschoolers. The article presents some results of experimental work on the construction of educational situations and their use in the holistic educational process of older preschoolers. In conclusion, the authors draw attention to the need to implement a systematic approach in the design and use of educational situations in the educational process of older preschoolers.

The article deals with the issue of the relationship between the learning and educating younger school children. It outlines one of the possible ways to solve the problem to implement a cultural approach into the process of Russian language teaching. It represents the main principles, methods, techniques and tools that implement the named approach. The author has described the stages of the pedagogical experiment and given some examples of text-based exercises aimed at forming a positive and emotionally colored relation to knowledge of the culture and traditions of the Russian people and expansion of historical and cultural knowledge among school children.

In this study we test one of the key assumptions of the analysis of wrong answers on the Standard Progressive Matrices test approach — the assumption that “behind the correct answer lies the application of the correct principle for solving particular problem”. This popular alternative approach to psychometric studies of intelligence is based on assumptions that have not been empirically tested. After applying thematic analysis to the transcripts of interview-conversations with 9 and 11 year olds, who solved test tasks out loud, we were able to refute this assumption. We were able to claster identified explanations for the correct answers into several groups, which include both the application of the correct principle, as well as a series of incorrect ones — for example, creating a collection or visually complementing a pattern.

The study of the psychological state of a modern transitive society requires clarification of the attitude to the uncertainty of students. The study determined the severity of a number of aspects of the attitude to uncertainty: tolerance and intolerance to uncertainty, risk-taking, dispositional optimism (in relation to the future) and satisfaction with life in the present. It was attended by teenagers studying in the 8th grade (14 years old, 80 people), high school students graduating from the 11th grade (17 years old, 80 people), students studying at the 2–3 courses of the university (20 years old, 77 people). The scales of tolerance and intolerance to uncertainty of S. Budner’s questionnaire, the scale of risk acceptance of D. A. Leontiev’s Test, the Test of dispositional optimism of M. Scheier, C. Carver and M. Bridges, the Scale of life satisfaction of E. Diner. It is shown that tolerance and intolerance to uncertainty in students of different ages and at different levels of education are expressed in almost equal (average) degree. The strongest link in a positive attitude to uncertainty is risk-taking, the weakest is dispositional optimism. The highest indicators of attitude to uncertainty were recorded among students.

The article presents the results of All-Russian studies on the formation and development of civil-patriotic values in modern Russian school, and the psychological and pedagogical conditions of their formation are analyzed. The search for new approaches to solving actual theoretical and practical problems of civil and patriotic education of schoolchildren has been carried out. Effective and promising ways of improving patriotic education in general education organizations have been identified, and the importance of online information resources in the process of educating teenagers in the context of digitalization of education has been updated.

The article reveals methodological guidelines for preventing the failure of primary school students. The author focuses on the importance of taking into account general pedagogical, psychophysiological and social reasons. The paper identifies the problems of the educational process in primary school, substantiates the conclusion about the need to include health-saving technologies in the educational process of primary school, reducing the number of students in primary classes. The article reveals the essence of methodological tools that allow taking into account the peculiarities of bilingual students and providing their educational needs (using the example of AdygheRussian bilingualism).

The article presents an analytical review of modern domestic and foreign studies on the problem of interaction between intellectually gifted children and their teachers in the school education context. The negative impact of stereotyping teachers’ ideas about the emotional-personal and social characteristics of gifted children is shown not only on the identification and realization of their potential, but on the development of personality. The key role of the teacher’s personal and professional development in organizing and regulating the interaction of participants in the educational process in the classroom is substantiated on the basis of scientific knowledge and concepts.

Modern education is designed not so much to give a person a set of ready-made knowledge, social scenarios and a basis for mastering a certain profession, as to provide conditions for personal growth of students, characterized by positive relationships with others, autonomy, purposefulness of life, self-acceptance. Studies by domestic and foreign authors indicate that the psychological well-being of students is mediated by the influence of factors of different levels and content. At the same time, special attention is paid to environmental factors, and in particular, the type of educational environment. Based on the study, which was attended by students, teachers, administration and parents of 12 educational organizations, it was revealed that the type of educational environment determines the characteristics of psychological well-being of adolescents, characterized by prevailing mood, self-satisfaction and attitude, satisfaction with relationships with peers, teachers and school life.

The problem of revealing creative giftedness is considered in the context of the problem of training and professional realization of a teacher. The importance and interconnection of two processes is emphasized: the disclosure of the student’s creative gifts and the process of selfdevelopment of the teacher’s creative abilities.

In the structure of the social situation of the development of schoolchildren in education, the external side (the school situation) and the internal side (the internal position of the student) are highlighted. In the study with the participation of 27 students of the eighth, 63 — ninth and 19 — tenth grades, the questionnaires “School situation” V. K. Zaretsky, A. B. Kholmogorova, “Inner position of the student” by D. V. Lubovsky and the questionnaire of sociopsychological adaptation by K. Rogers and R. Diamond were used. The features of the social situation of development in the education of schoolchildren of the 8th, 9th and 10th grades are revealed, the relationships of indicators of the school situation, the internal position of schoolchildren and socio-psychological adaptation are analyzed.

The article presents a study of the external and internal aspects of the social situation of development in education and socio-psychological adaptation of schoolchildren studying in the eighth and tenth grades. In the study with the participation of 109 school students, the questionnaire of socio-psychological adaptation of K. Rogers and R. Diamond was used in the modification of A. K. Osnitsky, the questionnaires “The school situation” by V. K. Zaretsky and A. B. Kholmogorova and “The inner position of the student” by D. V. Lubovsky. It is shown that many indicators of the school situation, internal position and socio-psychological adaptation increase in ninth graders and decrease in 10th grade. The conditionality of these changes by institutional requirements is shown. The relationship between the parameters of the school situation and socio-psychological adaptation is revealed, prospects for further research are outlined.

The article provides information about the competencies needed in vocational guidance of secondary school students in the context of modern globalization, as well as about professions whichwill be in demand in the future. The author stressed that this problem is very relevant today, it is important to create necessary conditions for students and young people to acquire modern professions, to prepare them for a conscious choice of socially necessary professions.

The article presents the results of an empirical study conducted with 8 and 10 year old children studying in 2nd and 4th grades. 60 pupils took part in the study. The obtained data reflect the content parameters of junior school children’s perceptions of their future life and themselves as adults. It is shown that prognostic self-assessment practically does not change from 2nd to 4th grade.

The article discusses the general and specific features of the formation of spatial representations in older preschoolers with mental retardation and older preschoolers with general speech underdevelopment. Spatial representations play an important role in cognitive activity and serve as the foundation for building an individual’s inner world, the psychological basis for successful schooling. The results of the study revealed the general and specific features of the formation of ideas about space in older preschoolers with developmental disorders of two nosological groups.

Therefore, it is very important for a teacher to start correctional education of children in time at the third stage of medical rehabilitation. In recent years, there has been an increase in the degree of radicality of operations in neuro-oncology, a tendency to maximize the removal of brain tumors of any localization in children of all ages. Due to the fact that in recent years there has been an increase in the degree of radicalization of operations in neuro-oncology, there is a tendency towards maximum removal of brain tumors of any location in children of all ages. Therefore, it is very important for the teacher to begin corrective education of children in time at the third stage of medical rehabilitation.

The article discusses the results of a study of financial literacy of junior schoolchildren in the context of digital security. The levels of directions for ensuring the financial security of younger schoolchildren are identified: conceptual (strategic planning documents, exponential growth of risks and threats in the digital environment, digital socialization of the younger generation, financial security in educational and methodological complexes for primary schools, a request for increased awareness in the field of financial security in the environment the younger generation and the parent community), content-based (digital platforms, information storage infrastructure, e-commerce financial services, illegal access, illegal data acquisition, data corruption, spam and related threats, extortion, computer fraud, identity theft, misuse of devices, etc.), technological (comprehensive updating of the directions of the educational process, personality-oriented humanistic subject interactions based on the case method), procedural (means).