The article deals with the theoretical foundations of natural science education in primary school. The emphasis is placed on research to ensure the comprehensive development of the younger student’s personality by means of school subjects, since the quality of knowledge formation in younger students is the basis for the development of natural disciplines in middle and high school. The theoretical aspects of the formation of a system of natural science knowledge and skills among younger schoolchildren, as well as personal and value orientations necessary for their comprehensive perception and interaction with the surrounding world, are considered. Such components of the educational process as thoughtful comprehension of the received information on academic subjects, objective assessment of theoretical and practical achievements of schoolchildren are considered. The presented scientific work summarizes the theory and systematizes the theoretical aspects of the issue under study.